APPsychDevelopmentalPsychNotes

AP Psychology- Development Through the Lifespan
J e a n P i a g e t

I. Developed theory on cognitive development
 -used observation and experiments → although many of the observations were of his own 3 children  <span style="color: #660033; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- concluded that children learn via exploration II. Stages of cognitive development <span style="color: #660033; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #660033; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- universal <span style="color: #660033; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #660033; font-family: 'Georgia','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- sequential, yet rate(s) varies A. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years) <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- infant learns via exploration of his world <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-infant is “egocentric” <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-before 10th month “no object permanence”. <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-18 months plan before acting <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-physical actions are organized & goal oriented <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-object permanence & separate-ness are discovered <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: #993366; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-child understands the world in terms of sense(s) and actions <span style="font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> B. Preoperational Stage (2 - 7 years) - thoughts as opposed to actions begin to take precedence <span style="color: green; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - language & images are present yet “illogical” <span style="color: green; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - still egocentric <span style="color: green; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - child does not understand classifications <span style="color: green; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - play is parallel not interactive (2 children will have 2 storylines in the same sandbox) <span style="color: green; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> -rules are not internalized (They [rules] cannot be changed, they exist independent of us. No understanding of the subjectivity of rules). C. Concrete Operational (7-11 years) <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-systematic thinking develops, they can start to strategize (watch out, they’re devious). <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- can consider two perspectives (thought becomes more concrete and more logical). <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-egocentricity is overcome. They are capable of understanding different points of view. <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- tasks must be tangible <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">-some math is comprehended (addition/subtraction, no algebra) <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- play is more cooperative (interactive). <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">They can follow the rules of conversation (yeh!!) <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- acquires understanding of **__conservation__** → <span style="color: purple; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;"> mass stays the same no matter what container it’s held in. D. Formal Operations (11-adulthood → highest level of cognitive development ) - not all people reach this stage <span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - thinking becomes abstract <span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> -people can understand analogies <span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> -hypothesis testing (their own and others) is possible <span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - level of subjectivity in rules is understood <span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - ability to generalize and relate things to each other <span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - ability to deal with highly symbolic thoughts III. Children’s thoughts of Life & Death

A. Animism ( attribute life-like qualities to inanimate objects [ ** Mrs. Potts/Chip ** ]) <span style="color: maroon; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- 4 to 6 yrs anthropomorphize (give life-like qualities) for any activity <span style="color: maroon; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: maroon; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- 6 to 8 yrs only for things that move <span style="color: maroon; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: maroon; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- 8 to 12 yrs only for things that move on their own accord <span style="color: maroon; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="color: maroon; font-family: 'BernhardMod BT','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">- 12 yrs: restrict life to animals and plants B. Death - full understanding only after 13 yrs ( flexibility allows for range of 9 to 13 yrs ) <span style="color: #003300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - concepts: **__universal__** (death comes to us all) <span style="color: #003300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 4; msotabcount: 4;"> **__causality__** (there are reasons that we die-illness, accident...) <span style="color: #003300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 4; msotabcount: 4;"> **__irreversible__** ( once you’re dead.....you’re gonna be that way for a long time ) <span style="color: #003300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 4; msotabcount: 4;"> **__non-functionality__** ( all bodily functions cease ) [ last to develop ] <span style="color: #003300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - first understanding of universality and causality, then irreversibility, then non-functionality. <span style="color: #003300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - for animals: better understanding (easily processed due to experience) <span style="color: #003300; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16pt; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> - for humans: less understanding (takes longer for children to get their heads around this)

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Erickon's Psychosocial Stages of Development <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Infancy <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Basic Trust vs. Mistrust <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">0-1 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Hope <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Dependency or Paranoia <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || -when the parents fail to provide these things, the child develops **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">basic mistrust, **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> resulting in depression, withdrawal, and maybe even paranoia || -if parents are too permissive, harsh, or demanding, the child can feel defeated, and experience extreme **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">shame and doubt, **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and grow up to engage in neurotic attempts to regain feelings of control, power, and competency. This may take the form of obsessive behavior; if you follow all rules exactly then you will never be ashamed again. If the child is given no limits or guidance, the child can fail to gain any shame or doubt and be impulsive. Some is good, as it causes us to question the outcomes of our actions, and consider others' well-being. This may also result in Avoidance; if you never allow yourself to be close to others, they can never make you feel ashamed <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || -if parents are understanding and supportive of a child's efforts to show **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">initiative **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, the child develops **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">purpose, **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and sets goals and acts in ways to reach them -if children are punished for attempts to show initiative, they are likely to develop a sense of **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">guilt, **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> which in excess can lead to **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">inhibition **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. Too much purpose and no guilt can lead to **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ruthlessness **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">; the person may achieve their goals without caring who they step on in the process <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || -if caretakers do not support the child, feelings of **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">inferiority **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> are likely to develop. Too much inferiority, and **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">inertia **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> or helplessness occurs (underachievers). Too much competency and the child becomes an adult too fast, and develops either into a **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Histrionic **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> or **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Shallow **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> person <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || -if they resolve this crisis, they develop **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">fidelity **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, "the ability to sustain loyalties freely pledged in spite of the inevitable contradictions of value systems" (can be friends with very different people) -if they fail to resolve the crisis, they develop **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">identity diffusion; **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> their sense of self is unstable and threatened; too little identity and they may join cults or hate groups, too much identity and they may show **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">fanaticism **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || -adults that do not feel this develop a sense of **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">stagnation, **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> are self-absorbed, feel little connection to others, and generally offer little to society; too much stagnation can lead to **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">rejectivity **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and a failure to feel any sense of meaning (the unresolved mid-life crises), and too much generativity leads to **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">overextension **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(someone who has no time for themselves because they are so busy) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1.
 * |||||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-when the parents present consistent, adequate, and nurturing care, the child develops **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">basic trust **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">and realizes that people are dependable and the world can be a safe place. The child develops a sense of **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">hope **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and confidence; this is a belief that things will work out well in the end
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">2. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Toddler <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">2-3 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Will <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Obsessive/Impulsive or Avoidant <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * |||||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-if parents guide children gradually and firmly, praise and accept attempts to be independent, **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">autonomy **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> develops. The result will be a sense of **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">will **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> which helps us accomplish and build self-esteem as children and adults
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">3. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">PreSchool <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Initiative vs Guilt <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">4-5 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Purpose <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Constricted or Antisocial/Narcissistic <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * |||||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-the child becomes curious about people and models adults. Erickson believed the child does attempt to possess the opposite sex parent and experience rivalry toward the same sex parent; however, a true Oedipal Complex only develops in very severe cases
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">4. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Childhood <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Industry vs Inferiority <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">6-12 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Competency <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Helplessness or Shallowness <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * |||||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-occurs during Latency, but Erickson did not think this was a rest period; the child begins school and must tame imagination and impulses, and please others. If adults support the child's efforts, a sense of **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">competence **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> develops
 * <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: center;">One way to divide Erikson's stages is into two groups of four -- the first four have to do with figuring out the world, the last four with figuring out yourself <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: center;"> ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">5. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Adolescence <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Identity vs Role Confusion <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">13-19 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Fidelity <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Identity Diffusion or Fanaticism <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * |||||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-young adults attempt to develop **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">identity **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and ideas about strengths, weaknesses, goals, occupations, sexual identity, and gender roles. Teens "try on" different identities, going through an **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">identity crisis, **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">and use their friends to reflect back to them. Marcia offers four resolutions: Identity Achievement (crises and commitment), Moratorium (crises and commitment later), Foreclosure (commitment without crises), and Identity Diffusion (no crises, no commitment)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">6. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Young Adulthood <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Intimacy vs Isolation <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">20-24 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Love <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Promiscuity or Exclusion <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * |||||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-intimacy is the ability to be close, loving, and vulnerable with romances and friends. It is based in part upon identity development, in that you have to know yourself to share it. The virtue gained here is **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">love **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. Failure to develop intimacy can lead to **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">promiscuity **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> (getting too close too quick and not sustaining it), or **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">exclusion **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> (rejecting relationships and those who have them) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">7. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Middle Adulthood <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Generativity vs Stagnation <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">25-64 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Care <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Stagnation or Overextension <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * |||||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-if you have a strong sense of creativity, success, and of having "made a mark" you develop **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">generativity **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, and are concerned with the next generation; the virtue is called **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">care **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, and represents connection to generations to come, and a love given without expectations of a specific return
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">8. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Old Age <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Ego Integrity vs Despair <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">65-? <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Wisdom <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Presumption or Disdain <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> |||||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-this entails facing the ending of life, and accepting successes and failures, ageing, and loss. People develop **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ego integrity **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and accept their lives if they succeed, and develop a sense of **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">wisdom **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> a "detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself" -those who do not feel a sense of **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">despair **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> and dread their death; it's too late to change their lives (Ebenezer Scrooge //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">just //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> managed to avoid it) Too much wisdom leads to **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">presumption **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, too much despair to a **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">disdain **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> for life <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ||