APPsychologyCh9Memory

What was I doing?? Now what was it??...darn, I can't remember....okay, anyway, this page is devoted to Chapter 9 Memory.

**__Chapter 9 Memory __** Definition: Memory is the persistence of learning over time. One helpful model of human memory is the Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage processing model, which describes how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. In 1968 Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory which stated there were two distinct memory stores: **//__short-term memory (STM although researchers much prefer the term “working memory” because of the emphasis on active processing or rehearsal)__//**, and **//__long-term memory (LTM)__//**. Later a third memory store (which is actually first in sequence) was added: **//__sensory memory__//**. The Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage processing model states that we first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory, from which it is processed in a short-term memory bin, where we encode it through rehearsal for long-term memory and later retrieval. Contemporary memory researchers note that we sometimes bypass the first two stages and register some information automatically.



The low capacity of STM was first noted by George Miller in a famous paper entitled **//__The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two__//**. Miller concluded that about seven (plus or minus two) "chunks" of information could reside in STM simultaneously. Miller defined a "chunk" as an independent item of information -- one whose recall did not aid in the further recall of the other items. Although some types of information are encoded automatically, other types, including information involving meaning, imagery, and organization, require effort. Mnemonic devices that use imagery and that organize information into chunks aid memory. (My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas [Earth Science, Astronomy....and yes, I know Pluto isn't a planet any longer but it was when I was taught this one] ….Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally [Math- order of operations: paranthesis, exponent, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction]…..HOMES [Geography: the Great Lakes - Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior]) Organizing into __//**hierarchies**//__ also helps memory, such as those used in Biology classes like Miss Jones's class which gives us this one.....  Information first enters the memory through the senses. We register visual images via iconic memory and sound via echoic memory. But remember, memory is not perfect. It is a recollection not a photograph and so it is susceptible to manipulation by outside sources and influences. =You have three articles to read that are connected to this section of the course. The Schacter link has been fixed and you now go to Psychology Today instead of the de-activated New York Times site. Connect by clicking on the links. If you have questions, ask them in class; otherwise, you'll see questions pertaining to the articles on the Chapter 9 Test.=

**MEMORIES OF THINGS UNSEEN** by ELIZABETH F. LOFTUS **([|connect to the Loftus article])** **MEMORY'S MIND GAMES by Sharon Begley ([|connect here])** NOTES: MISINFORMATION EFFECT -- INACCURACIES IN MEMORY CAUSED BY ERRONEOUS INFORMATION PROVIDED AFTER THE EVENT. 
 * THE SEVEN SINS OF MEMORY: HOW THE MIND FORGETS AND REMEMBERS by DANIEL SCHACTER ([|connect to Schacter])**
 * __MEMORIES OF THINGS UNSEEN __** – DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTS